Argentina Human Rights Emblem Seeks Entry to UNESCO World Heritage List

BUENOS AIRES—Flights arriving to Buenos Aires from the north careen over the gray immensity of De La Plata River. Just before reaching the skyscrapers of the Argentinian capital, they are flying over a piece of human rights history in Latin America: the former Navy Mechanical School, known as ESMA for its acronym in Spanish. ESMA is home to a museum that now seeks to be recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

If there is a place capable of summarizing the human rights abuses of Latin American dictatorships and the successes of historical memory policies, ESMA Memory Site Museum might be the one. The same place where, between 1976 and 1983 during Argentina’s dictatorship, people were killed, babies were stolen, and drugged prisoners were thrown into the sea, has been an emblem for human rights since 2004. In many ways, it is the survivors themselves who have re-signified the space.

From guided visits to live music to theater to festivals, a seven-acre concentration camp in the most expensive zone of Buenos Aires, which was once synonymous with death and suffering, was slowly transformed through social and political will into an emblem for life and collective consciousness. The oppression experienced at ESMA has triggered a movement that changed Argentinian subjectivity and the human rights struggle worldwide.

 A transformative visit

“ESMA has evidence of a systematic plan of disappearances,” says museum director Alejandra Naftal. “Kidnappings were planned here, security forces carried out massive killings, and babies born in captivity were given to the dictatorship’s inner circle. This was done by dictatorships throughout Latin America, but in ESMA you can tell how that process was sustained from the beginning to the end,” she says.

Someone who experienced that darkness firsthand is Ana Testa, who was 30 years old in 1977, when she was kidnapped with her three-year-old daughter by dictatorship commandos. She endured eight months at ESMA, then Argentina’s biggest concentration camp. Soldiers took her daughter to her parents’ home a week after the kidnapping.

“Anyone who has been in a clandestine detention and extermination center knows what corporal torture is. They tied my hands and feet to a rickety bed and electrocuted me with a prod. They placed the tip of the prod on my eyelids, in my armpits, in my vagina. It was a week of continuous sessions with intervals of three hours,” Testa said in one of her many testimonies before judges and the press.

Students from San Diego University visit ESMA (Courtesy of ESMA).

For Testa, the Museum becoming a World Heritage Site would mean two major achievements for human rights awareness and ending hatred. Visiting the Memory and Human Rights Space, renamed in 2004, changes forever the perception of human rights for every visitor. When those visitors are middle and high school students, the effects are touching: “They enter the Museum’s door as simple youngsters and leave totally different,” she says.

“It is radically different having the teacher at school explaining ‘On March 24, 1976 there was a coup…’ to actually entering to the very same place where history happened,” highlighted the now 63-year-old architect. “Entering and feeling they are inside history awakens youngsters and they leave the buildings with a thousand questions… …And that is because facts are featured in a raw and, at the same, time deeply respectful way.”

Testa’s conception of “entering inside history” manifests differently for each visitor. But anyone who moves through ESMA’s facilities, through some of the rooms keeping the darkest stories they might ever hear, will never forget the sounds, silences, and images of what this part of the world had to endure.

“When you enter ESMA you suffer a disorientation that comes from the contrast,” says Italian scholar Daniele Salerno, a researcher on cultural memory and LGBT activism at European Union the Marie Sklodowska-Curie project. “The beauty of nature surrounding the place and the simplicity of ESMA’s internal architectural structures conflicts with the idea that this was the scene of one of the most atrocious horrors of the last century.”

“Some clear days in Buenos Aires, the ESMA horizon might appears particularly beautiful. Trees and nature transmit serenity, while the city convulses around it. But the faces of the disappeared looking out from the entrance of the officers’ restaurant tell us how the surface may be deceptive,” says Salerno.

For Salnero, who is a collaborator on Utrecht’s university “Remembering Activism” project, finding himself alone at the “Capucha,” the upper level of the building in which tortured prisoners were kept blinded and chained, was disturbing. But it also illuminated the value of the museum: “The emptiness of the rooms increases this disorientation effect and the guides’ narrative reconstruction of what is not seen. Then you realize why this whole place is extremely important. It is helping us perceive and transmit memory,” he says.

But the lesson ESMA has given to him has more to do with life outside its facilities. “On my last visit in 2020, I visited an exhibition by a young artist who critically reconstructs and appropriates the memory of her missing grandmother, who she never knew,” he says. “Each visit connects us to the past and, at the same time, encourage us to think, mobilize and fight for the future.”

Building the past to ensure the future

“Our museum shows the pacific ways through which we are reaching truth and justice,” says director Naftal, who also survived detention under the dictatorship when she was only a teenager. “At the moment Argentina has put 680 people who committed genocide and torture in jail in part because several ESMA survivors told their stories during legal trials with almost no comparison in crimes-against-humankind’s history.”

Those trials, says Naftal, are “the other pillar that makes this Museum so valuable in present time.” Unlike almost any country since Nuremberg trials, Argentina was able to judge the dictatorship criminals within its borders and under its legal framework after the so-called “impunity laws” were annulled in 2003.

“This postulation is important to spread ESMA’s importance but also to protect it from political changes, like the ones we have experienced during the last years,” says Naftal. “The previous government did not have human rights in their agenda, and we suffered due to that.”

A window inside ESMA Memory Site Museum with the words “Memory, Truth, and Justice” (Photo: CIDH/Flickr).

Naftal refers to a recent struggle to protect human rights gains in Argentina. In 2017, Argentina’s Supreme Court, whose brand-new president was installed with government’s political and legislative support, issued a ruling that would have allowed many people convicted for crimes during the dictatorship to be released. Rallies were held across Argentina to protest the legal maneuver and, in less than 24 hours, the 20-page ruling was over-ruled by Congress. If Argentinians had not taken the streets, many of ESMA’s murderers would now be free.

Museum director Naftal, who was illegally detained by the dictatorship when she was 17, knows they have to remain vigilant. “What we see at ESMA is the tip of the iceberg of more than 600 camps and centers run by the Argentinian dictatorship. Since those places were across the whole country, we can show the world that in Argentina there was a systematic plan of extermination,” she says.

As this article goes to press, ESMA Memory Site Museum continues a long road started three years ago when, amid the most adverse context since the 1983 return of democracy, dictatorship criminals were about to be released. It is still a long way until September 2021 when, ESMA may be integrated to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Nevertheless, the Museum’s team is now working in their next step: getting the support of as many academic centers of the world as they can.

Until their day comes, Alejandra Naftal says their work continues. “We must create a pedagogy of memory. This is about memorialization but is also about constituting these spaces as educational tools to strengthen the current notion of democracy in the world,” she says. “You always tend to believe the past is quiet. But it is dynamic.”

Argentinian Scientists Promote Cooperation and Conservation in Antarctica

BUENOS AIRES— Every morning in Antarctica, Argentinian paleontologist María Eugenia Raffi and her team ate breakfast by the Weddell Sea, while the temperature was far below zero. The small team of scientists camped for three months on James Ross island, more than 30 miles west of Argentina’s Marambio Base. It was the opportunity of a lifetime: studying fossils in one of the best places for their conservation.

For these scientists, Antarctica combines passion, vocation and commitment. From paleontology to international relations, studying the continent holds crucial information for today’s most pressing issues.

According to the Managers Council of National Antarctic Programs, 4,000 people live and work in scientific research on the continent. Only 1,000 of them live in Antarctica year-round, and the rest stay in Antarctica only for the summer. Brazil, Chile and Argentina have bases or stations on the continent. Argentina is the Latin American country with the main and oldest presence, dating back to 1904. The country maintains six permanent bases and seven temporary bases.

Raffi is one of the 3,000 people who spend their summers trying to unveil the secrets of the world’s most unknown lands. She was still in school when she felt called to study Antarctica. She defeated her fear of flying to get there, she told LAND from her home in Tierra del Fuego province, the southern-most province of Argentinian Patagonia.

Photograph courtesy of María Eugenia Raffi.

“I had always been very frightened [of flying] so I had to make my mind: either I fulfill my dream of doing my thesis in Antarctica, or I let fear overcome me,” she said. “After we landed at the base, we had to take a helicopter to reach our camping site. It was a double challenge.”

On the ground, Raffi learned how any human action in Antarctica relies on the conscious and connected work of many others. “As soon as we got there, our first duty was to properly set up our tents— our home for the next thirty days,” she recalled.

Raffi’s routine in Antarctica is highly regimented. The team starts the day with a big breakfast and preparing supplies and then sets out to find fossils and document them. Back at camp they share cooking responsibilities. Daily check-ins with the base are essential to know the weather forecast.

“The base’s personnel are the crew behind the scenes,” Raffi said. “They provide food, heating, lights, and are always caring for our safety. It’s only with their forecast that we can plan the activities for the following day.”

Public institutions in Argentina have a long tradition of Antarctic exploration. They are preparing a new generation of scientists to follow Raffi’s footsteps and explore those lands. In Ushuaia, the southern-most city in the world, attending university with 12-degree Fahrenheit weather is par for the course for hundreds of students at National University of Tierra del Fuego (UNDTF).

Antarctic exploration is one of the main research areas at UNDTF, one of the Argentina’s 57 public and tuition-free universities. That’s why this year, the ten-year-old institution will launch its Master in Antarctic Studies.

Marisol Vereda, director of the program, said the institution has advantages when studying Antarctica. “Our greater proximity compared to other ports, and the development of infrastructure and services… …have made it possible to position Ushuaia port as the most active ‘maritime tourism gateway’ towards Antarctica,” she said.

“Antarctica is a synonym for remote space. It is a landscape that represents what practically no longer exists in the rest of the world,” she said. “Those who spend time there explain what they feel as a rush of humbleness towards nature, discovering solitude and encountering oneself.”

Photo by Cristian Lorenzo.

Another institution specialized in in Antarctic studies is the Austral Center for Scientific Research, CADIC.  The National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina’s main science institution, established CADIC. From satellites to fossil exploration, CONICET has financed scientific endeavors since it was created in 1958.

CADIC finances scientists to study Antarctica every year and coordinates many activities focused on Antarctic resources and International Relations. Cristian Lorenzo, a CADIC-CONICET researcher and doctor in International Relations, studies the way the world can manage Antarctica.

“When I’m in Antarctica I like to contemplate nature, just being there, without taking photos,” he told LAND. “Antarctica always reminds me of the importance of taking care of the planet as much as possible.”

“Peace between countries in a turbulent world only is possible in Antarctica,” Lorenzo told LAND. “What happens in that part of the world is exceptional: the same States that joined the Antarctic Treaty are the same that decide to go to war in other parts of the world. Peace rules in Antarctica.”

Lorenzo studies international policies to protect and responsibly use Antarctica’s resources. The Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959, dictates international relations regarding the continent.

“The question is how to strengthen the current system,” Lorenzo said. “Policy-makers now have to face multiple challenges: demands for the exploitation of natural resources, bioprospecting, the increasing numbers of tourists in Antarctica, the growing members of the System, and the effects of climate change.”

Photo by Cristian Lorenzo.

Amid constant and sometimes dramatic changes, the treaty turned 50 years old last December. Lorenzo argues that to look forward, more scientific research in the continent is needed.

“We need to be conscious that the future of Antarctica, not only depends on diplomacy —which is quite important— but also, it requires awareness that Antarctica matters,” said Lorenzo. “We need more science and Antarctic education at school.”

With a similar spirit, the paleontologist María Eugenia Raffi emphasizes the importance of including more curriculum about the importance of Antarctica. “When living in Buenos Aires as a child, I remember we were told very little about it,” she said. “But when I moved to Tierra del Fuego, I saw how Antarctica is experienced from another perspective.”

She said that in Tierra del Fuego, “Youngsters know Antarctica is a place which belongs to us all… …Our best bet, in my opinion, is educating the future generations.”

Photo by María Eugenia Raffi.

Raffi recalls one day when she heard a strange sound while working in Antarctica. She said she turned toward the glaciers and icebergs and saw a pilot whale coming out of the water.

“It was the first time I saw a whale in its habitat, and I will always remember it,” she said. “It was like the typical images of National Geographic, but we were seeing it right there.”

Raffi has past eight summers in Antarctica, a long run for a young paleontologist. She said she has a deep connection to her research site.

“It’s my place. It’s our place. We all should have the chance of discovering it in some moment of our lives,” she said. “Antarctica changes you. And for better.”